An instrument that assesses all of a project’s impacts — both positive and negative — on local communities, particularly Indigenous peoples, minorities, women, the elderly, youth, people with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups, within the project area of influence. Environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) consultants should conduct the assessment in a transparent, inclusive, gender-sensitive, and culturally appropriate manner. Collecting social, economic, and cultural data through direct stakeholder outreach and consultation, as well as through surveys and censuses, will allow ESIA consultants to identify potentially affected people; determine the scope of the project’s impacts on individuals, families, communities, or other social groups; and devise possible alternatives and/or mitigation measures.